The Nazaca Lines Peru

The Nazaca Lines Peru
Archeologists have found in excess of 50 strange new 'Nazca lines Peru', which were developed about 2,000 years prior by old occupants who carefully orchestrated stones into gigantic shapes.

Some are several years more seasoned than the most popular Nazca lines beforehand found.

The scientists discovered that while a portion of the geoglyphs were delivered by Nazca individuals, others go back to a period before they lived in the locale where the illustrations can be found.

The Nazca Lines Peru individuals lived in the zone from 200 to 700 CE. A portion of the outlines are accepted to be made rather by the Topará and Paracas individuals.

Many beforehand unnoticed Nazca lines Peru have been found in Peru. Scientists caught pictures of the portrayals utilizing lightweight automatons

The new disclosure changes what analysts already accepted about the secretive outlines, paleontologist Johny Isla revealed to National Geographic.

Isla, who works at the Peruvian Ministry of Culture, stated: 'This implies it is a custom of over a thousand years that goes before the well known geoglyphs of the Nazca Lines Peru culture, which opens the way to new speculations about its capacity and importance.

Analysts have been confounded by Nazca lines Peru for quite a long time. They were made by individuals who revised red rocks in the betray.

The plans were made by individuals revamping red rocks in the forsake to make certain images, some of which are unpredictable

Geoglyphs traverse substantial land tracts situated between the towns of Palpa and Nazca Lines Peru.

Some geoglyphs portray creatures, questions or reduced shapes; others are just oversimplified lines.

Frequently, the creation of a geoglyph can't be completely acknowledged at ground level. Just when one is sufficiently high noticeable all around would they be able to observe the states of a portion of the outlines.

Thus the complexities of the outlines were not completely acknowledged until the point that planes were created and the work of art was seen from the sky.

Prior outlines were generally made on slopes and could be seen from higher rises ashore. These prior outlines additionally included delineations of people.

The newfound Nazca lines are ashore between the towns of Palpa and Nazca in Peru. The land is secured by UNESCO

Some Nazca lines delineate creatures. The newfound plans incorporate delineations of warriors; the illustrations give specialists a knowledge into societies that flourished in the territory many years prior

The majority of the newfound outlines are of warriors and they are hundreds of years more established than other Nazca lines.

Isla focused on that the new revelation adds to what archeologists beforehand thought about Peruvian culture.

In 2014, a Greenpeace dissent harmed the territory where geoglyphs are found - despite the fact that the land is secured by UNESCO.

From that point forward, Isla's group gotten budgetary guide from the US to help secure the notable fine art, Science Alert announced.

Isla collaborated with paleohistory teacher Luis Jaime Castillo Butters, National Geographic Explorer and paleologist Sarah Parcak to search for new plans.

Nazca lines were not totally comprehended until the creation of planes since they can't be completely acknowledged from any point ashore

WHAT ARE PERU'S MYSTERIOUS 'NAZCA LINES'?

Geoglyphs traverse substantial land tracts situated between the towns of Palpa and Nazca. Some geoglyphs delineate creatures, protests or conservative shapes; others are just oversimplified lines.

The Nazca individuals lived in the territory from 200 to 700 CE. A portion of the outlines are accepted to be made rather by the Topará and Paracas individuals.

The vast majority of the lines are shaped by a shallow trench with a profundity of between four inches (10cm) and six inches (15cm), made by expelling the ruddy dark colored iron oxide-covered rocks that cover the surface of the Nazca leave and uncovering the light-shaded earth underneath.

This sublayer contains high measures of lime which has solidified to frame a defensive layer that shields the lines from winds and averts disintegration.

An airborne perspective of a winding followed monkey figure in Peru's baffling Nazca Lines, found around 240 miles south of Lima. Nobody knows why the Pre-Inca Nazca culture made the figures and lines, some of them miles long

Paul Kosok, from Long Island University, is attributed as the main researcher to genuinely think about the Nazca Lines.

He found that the lines focalized at the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.

Alongside Maria Reiche, a German mathematician and paleologist, Kosok proposed the figures were markers upcoming to demonstrate where the sun and other divine bodies rose.

The scientists considered pictures of the land taken by rambles and depended on photography and 3D sweeps to scan for new geoglyphs.

These advancements uncovered to them many already unfamiliar geoglyphs that had gone unnoticed.

Disintegration and corruption had incurred significant injury on the Nazca lines and shrouded them, however pictures from lightweight automatons uncovered them.

The glyphs that were simply as of late found have not yet been enlisted with the legislature in Peru, yet they are in a domain ensured by UNESCO.

Satellite information can be utilized to shield the glyphs from human-caused sensations, which are among the biggest dangers to the plans.

The new plans have not yet been enlisted with government authorities in Peru. Among the biggest dangers to the outlines is human intercession on the land where they can be found
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Think About iCloud Drive Storage, does work?

Think About iCloud Drive Storage, does work?

So... you do not understand what iCloud Drive is or how to utilize it. This is think about iCloud drive storage.

All things considered, you're not alone. Apple isn't precisely great at propelling streamlined, rearranged administrations. It's awesome with equipment and programming interfaces, however as you likely know, it's bumbled a bit in the past with regards to distributed storage, photograph administration, and even music informal communities (however more as of late, with Apple Music, it is by all accounts doing okay in that division).

Anyway, iCloud Drive is the organization's most recent exertion at giving you better approaches to deal with every one of your records. Macintosh's iCloud Drive is an online stockpiling administration; a place to keep every one of your documents and access them from over all your Apple gadgets, including your iPhone, iPad, and Mac. It may sound convoluted, yet gratefully, it's not very difficult to get it.

Apple, as we would see it, has hit a grand slam with iCloud Drive. Our lone dissension is that despite everything it takes guides like this for individuals to make sense of how to empower it, pick a capacity design, get to their records, and so forth.

What is iCloud Drive?

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It's a piece of iCloud - Apple's distributed storage benefit that propelled in 2011.

iCloud Drive gives you a chance to spare photographs, recordings, archives, music, and application information to iCloud. Not exclusively does it give you a chance to store all your stuff in one place, yet it gives you a chance to get to the greater part of your documents and information from your iOS gadget, Mac, and Windows PC, and afterward keep those records and envelopes cutting-edge over every one of your gadgets. It even enables you to make new records and organizers from iCloud-empowered applications and work on a similar document over different applications. Simples.

Note: iCloud Drive additionally works with iCloud.com. You can utilize it to make, spare, and offer reports utilizing Pages, Numbers, and Keynote. You get 1 GB of free stockpiling with iCloud.com. This help page has more data about how to begin with iCloud.com

What amount is iCloud Drive?

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It's actually a free component. You can store any sort of record in iCloud Drive, as long as it's under 15 GB in size and you doesn't surpass your iCloud stockpiling limit. When you agree to accept iCloud, you get 5 GB of free stockpiling for Mail, Backup, iCloud Photo Library, and iCloud Drive.

In the event that you require more iCloud stockpiling, you can move up to a sum of 50 GB ($0.99/£0.79), 200 GB ($2.99/£2.49), or 1 TB ($9.99/£6.99) of iCloud stockpiling.

Take in additional about estimating from here and how to redesign utilizing your iOS gadgets, Mac, or PC from here.

The most effective method to access and set up iCloud Drive

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New iOS gadgets running iOS 9 or new Macs running OS X El Capitan have iCloud Drive empowered. On the off chance that you refreshed your gadget from a prior form of iOS or OS X, go here for more insights about empowering iCloud Drive. You can likewise sign into iCloud.com and update that to iCloud Drive and also empower iCloud Drive on your PC with iCloud for Windows and Windows 7 or later.

Before you set up iCloud Drive, ensure your iOS gadget is running iOS 8 or later and that your Mac is running OS X Yosemite or later. PCs should likewise be running Windows 7 or later and iCloud for Windows. With respect to iCloud.com, you require Safari 6 or later.

iPad or iPhone (iOS 8 or later)

Tap Settings > iCloud

Sign in with your Apple ID

Tap iCloud Drive

Tap Upgrade to iCloud Drive

Macintosh (OS X Yosemite or later)

Go to Apple menu > System Preferences and select iCloud

Sign in with your Apple ID

Select iCloud Drive, at that point select Continue

Windows PC

Go here to download iCloud Drive for Windows 7 or later

Web (iCloud.com)

Sign in to iCloud.com

Select Pages, Numbers, or Keynote

You'll be inquired as to whether you need to move up to iCloud Drive

Snap Upgrade to iCloud Drive

How does iCloud Drive function?

Macintosh

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To get to iCloud Drive from a Mac, tap on the Finder symbol in your Mac dock, at that point tap on iCloud Drive in the Favorites sidebar, and tap on iCloud Drive. You can likewise discover iCloud Drive from the Go menu of any Finder window.

iCloud Drive of course has organizers for each of your Apple iWork applications (Keynote, Pages and Numbers), alongside envelopes for applications like Preview, QuickTime Player, Script Editor, TextEdit, and Automator. Be that as it may, you can make any envelope and keep it in iCloud Drive. You can likewise store whatever you need, inasmuch as it isn't greater than 15GB and doesn't surpass your iCloud stockpiling assignment.

Consider iCloud Drive as some other remote volume, outer hard circle, arrange drive, or capacity benefit. You can make new envelopes, simplified stuff into your iCloud Drive from your Mac or somewhere else, and you have the choice to spare documents and information from applications into your iCloud Drive. This isn't advanced science, people. It's a hard drive in the sky that you can access from every one of your gadgets.

Note: You can make an envelope in iCloud Drive simply like you would in some other place on your Mac.

iPhone or iPad

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To get to iCloud Drive from an iPhone or iPad, first add the application to your home screen. Go to Settings, at that point tap on iCloud, and tap on iCloud Drive. From that point, flip on "Show on Home Screen". Come back to your home screen and discover the iCloud Drive application. On the off chance that you experience difficulty discovering it, swipe down to raise Spotlight Search and begin writing "iCloud" until the point when it shows up.

We adore that iCloud Drive for iOS is dead straightforward. There's nothing for you to do. Simply ensure you're marked into your iCloud Drive record, and after that any versatile applications that help iCloud Drive will give you the choice to open and spare documents to it when you're utilizing them. Not exclusively would you be able to spare records to iCloud Drive from applications, yet you can likewise explore through organizers and pick where you'd get a kick out of the chance to spare.

Additionally, in light of the fact that iCloud Drive is completely coordinated with OS X (and work with Windows), you can drop any records you need into iCloud Drive from your PC, and they'll right away adjust and be accessible to any portable application that backings them on your iPhone or iPad, and the other way around.

Windows PC

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To get to iCloud Drive from your PC with Windows 7 or later and iCloud for Windows, go to iCloud Drive in File Explorer.

Windows PC proprietors who need to utilize iCloud Drive have possessed the capacity to do as such for some time, while Mac clients needed to pause. On another help page as of late propelled, Apple disclosed a refreshed Windows adaptation of iCloud that gives Windows clients a chance to download and introduce a pared-down iCloud Drive.

The Windows variant of iCloud Drive gives you a chance to match up everything from mail and reports to contacts and timetables (between your iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Mac, and Windows PC) You can likewise store any record in iCloud by dragging your archives and photographs into iCloud Drive organizer on your PC. The component will even keep your IE, Firefox, or Google Chrome bookmarks on Windows in a state of harmony with your Safari bookmarks on an iPhone or iPad.

Step by step instructions to get to iCloud Drive on the Web

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To get to iCloud Drive from the web, go to iCloud.com, at that point sign in, and select iCloud Drive. You will then have the capacity to see every one of your organizers, and you'll have the capacity to make new envelopes, transfer documents, download records, erase documents, share records. It's extremely simply the web adaptation of iCloud Drive on the Mac.
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MobiKin Assistant for iOS Transfer Data from iPhone to PC

MobiKin Assistant for iOS Transfer Data from iPhone to PC

With MobiKin Assistant for iOS Transfer Data from iPhone to PC


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These days, iPhone more famous for individuals, as of late discharged iPhone 6 ​​and iPhone 6 ​​plus has turned into the most mainstream cell phone. We are dependably has a propensity to reinforcement iphone information or document to iCloud or PC. For example, reinforcement iphone contacts to PC, match up iphone music to itunes, exchange photographs from iphone to PC, and so forth. From one perspective, when we lose the iphone information we can reestablish iphone from reinforcement. On the off chance that we escape iphone fizzled, we can recoup iphone from reinforcement documents or iCloud. One the other hand, iPhone memory is restricted, while a developing number of iphone information, we could move or store a few information to a PC, as photographs, contacts, instant messages, video, and so forth. In any case, how to reinforcement iphone to pc? There is most likely that we have to utilize the outsider programming or iphone reinforcement extractor. Here I might want to impart to the product — MobiKin Assistant for iOS. It can exchange and reinforcement information or documents from iOS gadget to PC straightforwardly. Take after a couple of ventures to synchronize iphone to pc.

Stage 1: Connect iphone with PC and dispatch the program


Initially, you have to interface iphone to PC through USB information link. And after that run the program on pc. You can likewise run the program to start with, and afterward interface iphone with pc. At that point invigorate your PC. Give the program a chance to recognize your iphone gadget. Hold up amoment, you can review your iphone gadget.

Stage 2: Preview itemized substance and settle on a decision


There are numerous alternatives, you can pick them to review. Like music, motion pictures, television programs, podcasts, book recordings, books, ringtones, playlists, voice notices, camera roll, photographs, contacts, messages. notes, safari. Pick them and get ready to exchange.

Stage 3: Export and spare information from iphone to PC


Snap "Fare" catch to trade information or documents from iphone to pc.

MobiKin Assistant for iOS is an expert device to exchange information amongst iphone and pc or Mac. It can exchange up to 14 sorts of records from iphone, ipad, ipod to PC or Mac with a single tick. Additionally, you can oversee and alter the applications, information substance, documents on pc openly. Additionally, it is a high similarity of programming. It can bolster iPhone: iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, iPhone 5S, iPhone 5C/5, iPhone 4s, iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 3, iPad: iPad smaller than normal, new iPad, iPad Air, iPad 4, iPad 2, iPad 1, iPod: iPod Touch, iPod little, iPod exemplary, iPod nano, iPod rearrange. In the event that you need to refresh framework to ios 8, however there isn't sufficient memory, you would backup be able to iphone information before moving up to ios 8.
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Planning For The Future With HIV

Being diagnosed with HIV can be extremely difficult to deal with but acceptance

knowledge, proper management of your condition and support from loved ones can all assist you in having a happy and healthy future.

Planning For The Future With HIV - Finding out that you suffer from a chronic disease like HIV can make it difficult to think about the future because of all the uncertainties it may bring. With proper management and treatment, people with HIV are living long and healthy lives.

Planning For The Future With HIV

The first step in planning for the future is taking responsibility for your health now. A healthy diet, regular exercise, testing your CD4 count and viral load and taking your antiretrovirals (ARV's) properly are factors that you have control over and contribute significantly to your health and fulfilment in the future.

There are however, a number of complications that you could face. If your CD4+ count  falls below 350, your condition is classified as being in the Aids phase and your viral load will significantly increase. Only when patients enter the last phase of HIV infection can they be said to have full-blown Aids. It usually takes about 18 months for the major symptomatic phase to develop into Aids.

In the final stage of Aids, the symptoms of HIV disease become more acute, patients become infected by relatively rare and unusual organisms that do not respond to antibiotics, the immune system deteriorates, and more persistent and untreatable opportunistic conditions and cancers begin to manifest.

A healthy lifestyle

The first step in planning for the future is taking responsibility for your health now. A healthy lifestyle, regular testing of your CD4 and viral load and taking your antiretrovirals properly are factors that you have control over and contribute significantly to your health and fulfilment in the future.

There are a number of nutrition guidelines supplied by the World Health Organisation that are

especially important for those who have suffered weight loss.  These recommendations include:

-          Increase energy (kilojoule) intake by about 10% from time of diagnosis

-          During disease or illness, increase energy intake to 20-30%.

-          Maintain an adequate protein intake of 12 – 15% of total energy intake

While the quality of your lifestyle is likely the biggest factor in planning for a healthy future, there are a number of other factors that can reduce stress and provide you with more confidence in managing your HIV.

Your relationships

Relationships can be difficult for someone with HIV because of stigma and other people’s perceptions of the condition.

Disclosure is best when it comes to sexual partners. If your partner is aware of your condition, the two of you can plan how to prevent transmission.

Furthermore, it enables your partner pin to better support you both psychologically and with the lifestyle changes that you may need to make.

Disclosing your status to family and friends is entirely your choice. It is best to take your time and decide if, when and how you want to tell your family or friends.

Having a family

Today, there are options available for having an HIV-negative child if one or even both parents have HIV. Taking antiretrovirals as prescribed by a doctor before and during pregnancy, having a caesarean section and avoiding breastfeeding can reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission to 2%, according to Aids.gov.

There are also a number of alternatives such as sperm donation from an HIV-negative male, adoption and ‘sperm washing’. ‘Sperm washing’ involves removing the HIV from a sperm sample before inserting the sample into the female partner.

Discuss your options with your partner and with your doctor to ensure that you are making an informed decision.

Life insurance

Having access to life insurance is not only about ensuring the financial stability of your family and beneficiaries in the event of your death, but it has an impact on how you life your life too.

With statistics showing that more and more people are living longer with HIV, your quality of life may be hindered by the fact you do not have life insurance. Life insurance does however give you better access to loan finance to buy property or the opportunity to invest in business prospects.

On a psychological level, having life insurance despite being diagnosed with a condition such as HIV can do wonders for you as it serves to remind that HIV is no longer a death sentence, but rather a chronic disease that can be managed with the right treatment and proper support.

Support groups

Suffering from a chronic illness can take its toll on your mental health. Some may find that meeting other people with HIV may provide comfort and a sense of support.

Keep in the know

The best way to plan for the future is to have a good knowledge of your condition and any news relating to HIV. Familiarise yourself with your rights, especially in the workplace. The more you know about changes to the law or medical developments, the better you will be able to manage your condition.
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Transmission Through Sexual Acts

There are many sexual acts during which HIV can be transmitted and just as many myths surrounding who can and who can't get Aids

Transmission Through Sexual Acts - There are many sexual acts during which HIV can be transmitted and just as many myths surrounding who can and who can't get Aids. Misconceptions also abound as to how the virus can and can't be transmitted during sex.

Transmission Through Sexual Acts

Sexual intercourse with an HIV-infected person

HIV infection is sexually transmitted primarily through unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse (i.e. sexual intercourse without a condom), as well as through oral sex under certain conditions.


How does HIV get into the body during sexual contact? 

To gain entry into the body of an uninfected person, the HI virus needs to bind or “latch onto” target cells with specific receptors (namely CD4 receptors) on its surface. Cells with these special receptors are plentiful in the lining of the genital track and that of the anus.

During unprotected sex with an HIV+ person, the virus (in the sexual fluids of the infected person) binds with the CD4 receptors in the lining of the genital tracks (e.g. vagina) or anal track of the uninfected partner.

Tears (often microscopically small) in the membrane linings of the genital tracks - especially in the anal-rectal area - also make it easy for the virus to enter the sex partner’s bloodstream. Because the membrane linings of body cavities - especially in the anal-rectal area, and, to a lesser extent, in the vagina - are very delicate, they can be torn as a result of friction generated during sexual intercourse. (Rough sex, dry sex and forced sex or rape often lead to friction, tears and bleeding.)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as syphilis, gonorrhoea or herpes, make it very easy for HIV to get into the body. An untreated STI in either partner increases the risk of HIV transmission during unprotected intercourse ten-fold.

People with genital herpes or genital ulcers or sores are especially susceptible to HIV infection because these conditions create openings in the linings of the genital tracks through which HIV can move. The discharges produced by many STIs contain a very high concentration of HIV if that person is also HIV positive.

Why are women more easily infected by HIV than men?

Women are two to four times more likely to get infected with HIV through unprotected vaginal sex than men, due to the following reasons:

Women, as the recipients of semen, are exposed to semen for a longer time (while semen remains in the body of a woman for a few hours, a man is exposed to the body fluids of a woman for only a short time);
The concentration of HIV in semen is much higher than the concentration of HIV in vaginal fluids;
Women possess a larger surface area of mucosa (the thin lining of the vagina and cervix) which is exposed to their partner’s secretions during sexual intercourse;
Many women have cervical or vaginal conditions, such as STIs, erosions, open sores and infections, that facilitate the transmission of HIV;
Many women practise “dry” sex and they cause damage or infection to the vaginal walls (“dry” sex is a cultural practice where women use herbs or other substances - such as Jik or washing powder - to dry out their vaginas for the benefit of some men who believe that a dry vagina is a sign of faithfulness, or to heighten their sexual pleasure.) This practice is painful and extremely dangerous because it increases the risk of HIV infection;
Transmission of HIV is more likely to occur just before, during or immediately after menstruation because of the large, raw area of the inner uterine lining that is exposed;
Younger women are especially vulnerable to HIV infection because their genital tracts are not yet fully mature, their vaginal secretions are not so copious, and because they are more prone to lacerations or tears of the vaginal lining. (There is also evidence to suggest that women once again become more vulnerable to HIV infection after menopause).
Women often practice anal sex to avoid pregnancy, to maintain “virginity”, or because their male partners prefer anal sex for reasons similar to the reasons why they prefer “dry sex”. Research has shown that the chances to become infected with HIV after one act of unprotected receptive anal sex is approximately 20 times greater than after one act of unprotected vaginal sex.
Social inequalities often make women more vulnerable to HIV infection especially in societies which accord women a lower status than men. Women in such situations have little or no control over their sex lives, and they are not in a position to negotiate safer sex practices because they fear violence and abandonment should they try to do so. Women from low socio-economic environments are often driven to prostitution, and they are particularly vulnerable to rape.

Can lesbians get Aids?

Yes, lesbian women can also get Aids.

Lesbians who have sex with women as well as men, can contract HIV infection if they have sex with infected men.

Although the risk of HIV-infection is small for women who have sex exclusively with other women, lesbian women can contract HIV infection by sharing contaminated sex toys (e.g. vibrators or dildo’s) for vaginal or anal penetration. Because sex toys can cause bleeding or irritation of the vaginal or anal lining, it is easier for the HI virus to enter the body if people use them or share them. When sex toys are used, they should be thoroughly cleaned and preferably not shared, but if they are shared, the sex toy should be covered with a condom (a new condom for each partner!).

It should also be kept in mind that menstruation blood of an HIV+ woman is contagious. A plastic/latex cover such as “glad wrap”, a dental dam, or a condom that is cut open, should be placed over the vagina for oral sex (also for heterosexual oral sex with a woman).


Can one be infected with HIV through having oral sex?

Oral sex (stimulation of the penis with the mouth, or stimulation of female genitals with the lips and tongue) may cause a person to become infected with HIV if the lining of the partner’s mouth is exposed to infected seminal fluid or vaginal and rectal mucus - especially if the person providing the oral stimulation has sores, bleeding gums or inflammation in his or her mouth. Keep in mind that the virus occurs in high concentrations in semen and in menstrual blood.

A condom should always be used for oral sex on a man (also called fellatio), and a plastic/latex cover such as “glad wrap”, a dental dam, or a condom that is cut open, for oral sex on a women (also called cunnilingus).

How many sexual contacts with an HIV-positive person are necessary before one becomes infected oneself?

It is impossible to say how many sexual contacts with an infected partner/s are necessary before an HIV-negative person becomes HIV-positive.

HIV transmission from one person to another through sexual contact can depend on any of the following factors:

Unprotected (without a condom) sex with multiple sex partners.
The presence of other STIs (sexually transmitted infections), especially in the case of genital ulcers and inflammatory STIs.
Trauma (or bleeding) during sex, as well as menstruation.
The viral concentration (or level of viral “load”) in the blood of the infected partner.
The level of viral load in the semen or vaginal fluids of the infected partner (Viral load in semen peaks three weeks after infection. HIV is 20 times more transmissible per sex act, at this stage.)
The phase of infection. HIV is much more contagious in the acute infection phase (first eight to 12 weeks after infection) as well as in the final phases when advanced disease (or Aids) has set in. The reason why HIV is easier transmitted during these phases, is because the viral load is especially high in the acute infection phase, and again in the final phase of Aids.
When the immune system is suppressed (this is also then an indication of a high viral load and a low CD4 count.
Other diseases such as malaria. The HIV viral load is very high in people who also have malaria.
HIV-1 subtype C is more infectious than other subtypes, and subtype C is unfortunately the viral subtype that occurs in South Africa.

Is it true that circumcision can protect males against HIV infection?

Several studies reported at the Aids conference in Barcelona (2002) indicated that circumcision can indeed reduce the risk of HIV infection for the circumcised male, but:

It seems that circumcision only provides a measure of protection if the circumcision was done before the boy reached puberty (cancel those appointments men!)
The direction of effectivity is not clear yet (in other words, will male circumcision also lower the risk of male to female transmission - and protect the sex partner?)
If the circumcision procedure is done with unsterilised, dirty blades (or other instruments) - as often happens in Africa - HIV-infected blood could pass from one boy (or male) to another.
Although circumcision may lower the risk of HIV infection in circumcised men, circumcision should definitely not be promoted as the only way of preventing HIV infection! Safer sex practices such as the use of condoms should always be practised, disregarding circumcision or not!
Read: How circumcision reduces HIV risk

If I am HIV+, why should I still use a condom to protect myself?

HIV+ individuals still need to protect themselves against re-infections with HIV, for the following reasons:

Each new infection can cause an increase in the viral load in the blood and
The person can become infected with a new strain of the virus. It is therefore important for HIV+ people to protect themselves from re-infection by always using condoms.

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The Most Common Male Cancers

Detecting cancer early can save your life. Know the facts about each of the most common male cancers

The Most Common Male Cancers - Cancer has a number of platforms to drive awareness these days.

Many organisations, worldwide, have made it their business to educate the public, while entire months have been dedicated to highlighting information about the various types of cancer.
The Most Common Male Cancers

These are some of the most common types of male cancers.

Testicular cancer
If the cancer starts in the testicles, it would be called testicular cancer. As for how it develops, it would be useful to begin by talking about what testicles do. That is, they make male hormones such as testosterone. They also make sperm. 

Upwards of 90% of testicular cancers grow in special cells called germ cells. They’re the cells that produce sperm. There are two main types of germ cell tumours in men.

The first type, called seminomas, can take two forms. More than 95% of them are called classical seminomas, and they tend to occur in men between the ages of 25 and 45. Spermatocylic seminomas are rarer, develop more slowly, and tend to occur in men who are around 65.

Seminomas usually develop and spread less quickly than non-seminomas. The latter type of germ cell tumours ordinarily occur in men who are between their late teens and early 30s.

Prostate cancer
The prostate is found below the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum. Although there are many types of cells in the prostate, just about all prostate cancers grow from gland cells. These are the cells that produce prostate fluid – which is added to semen.

In the UK, prostate cancer tends to affect men over the age of 50, with the average age of diagnosis being between 70 and 74.

Bladder cancer
The bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis, and its main purpose is to store urine prior to it leaving the body. It has flexible, muscular walls that have four primary layers: the urothelium, thelamina propia, the muscularis propia and, finally, a layer of fatty connective tissue to keep the bladder separate from nearby organs.

It’s important to be familiar with these layers when considering how bladder cancers develop. Most of them start in the urothelium[13]. Bladder cancers become more difficult to treat as they grow into or throughout the other layers.

Given that it ordinarily takes a long time to grow, bladder cancer usually occurs in people over 60.

Early treatment
As with many other types of cancer, the basic rule is that early detection can save lives.  That’s because it’s easier to treat if you diagnose it before it’s got too big or spread.
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Ankle Injuries Could Have Long-Term Effects

A recent study found that people with injured ankles tend to have higher rates of disability and arthritis, heart or respiratory issues going forward

Ankle Injuries Could Have Long-Term Effects - Many Americans have suffered through an ankle break or sprain, but new research suggests these injuries might have a larger effect on health.
Ankle Injuries Could Have Long-Term Effects

Proper rehabilitation
The study, based on a survey of thousands of adults, found that people with injured ankles tend to have higher rates of disability and arthritis, heart or respiratory issues going forward.

The study can't prove cause-and-effect, but it points to the importance of proper rehabilitation after ankle injuries, the researchers said.

"What is concerning is these differences are presenting across the life span – especially during the critical middle age years when our risk for these diseases begins to increase," said study author Phillip Gribble.

He's an associate professor in the department of rehabilitation sciences at the University of Kentucky, in Lexington.

In the study, Gribble's team conducted an online survey of over 3,500 adults. More than 1,800 of them said they had sustained some kind of ankle injury at some point in their lives.


Relatively benign injuries

Those who'd had such injuries were more likely to say they were "somewhat" to "completely" limited in their daily activities compared to people without such histories, at 46 percent vs. 36 percent, respectively. Rates of moderate to severe body pain were also higher (38 percent vs. about 27 percent).

The study also found higher rates of heart or respiratory ailments in people who'd injured their ankle versus those who hadn't (about 31 percent vs. 24.5 percent, respectively).

Not surprisingly, arthritis of the ankle was also much more likely among those who previously injured the joint (9.4 percent) compared to those who hadn't (1.8 percent), Gribble's team found.

Overall, the findings suggest that ankle breaks and strains should be taken more seriously, the researchers said.

"In isolation, ankle injuries are seen as relatively benign and inconsequential injuries," noted Gribble, who is also co-director of the International Ankle Consortium, a specialist research group.

"This is not just a problem for athletes, as a large percentage of the population reports chronic ankle issues," he noted. "Better efforts are needed to prevent the initial injuries, and also to introduce improved interventions post-injury, to reduce the high rate of chronicity we see in ankle injury patients."

Another expert in athletic injury agreed

The study "supports other research reporting the negative long-term effects of an ankle sprain," said Tricia Hubbard-Turner, an associate professor at the Centre for Biomedical Engineering Systems at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

Enabling healing and rehabilitation

"The take-home message should be there is no such thing as 'just an ankle sprain'," she said.

Hubbard-Turner offered advice on proper recovery from an ankle injury:

- Give the ankle adequate time to rest and heal.

- Use crutches if possible during the healing process, and begin a rehab exercise regimen once healing occurs.

- Exercise could include: "motion exercises [pointing toes up and down, writing the alphabet with your feet], strengthening [tubing exercises, cuff weight around the foot], balance exercises [standing on one leg] and more functional activities [light jogging, zigzags, figure eights] before returning to activity," she said.

"Enabling healing and rehabilitation is key to preventing the negative consequences reported in the Gribble study," Hubbard-Turner said.

"This may mean missing sports activity or modifying exercise [for example, trying non-weight bearing exercise] for a few weeks, depending on the severity of injury," she acknowledged. "But those few weeks are well worth it based on the long-term problems people are developing."

The study was to be presented at the annual meeting of the National Athletic Trainers' Association in Baltimore. Experts note that research presented at medical meetings is typically considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Circumcision On The Rise At Africa’s Only Specialised Urology Hospital

Medical circumcisions are on the rise at Africa's only specialised urology hospital as more men hope to reduce their risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections


Circumcision on the rise at Africa’s only specialised urology hospital - Medical circumcision is on the rise at The Urology Hospital in SA as more males seek to minimise the risk of contracting HIV, STIs and other urinary infections.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) says there is compelling evidence that male circumcision reduces the risk of heterosexually-acquired HIV infection by about 60% and recommends this procedure for HIV prevention.
Circumcision On The Rise At Africa’s Only Specialised Urology Hospital
The WHO says 10-million men sought voluntary medical circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa over the last five years.

The Urology Hospital in Pretoria, Africa’s only specialist urology institution, notes that the number of circumcisions there have increased by 42% since 2012.

“This is largely due to the fact that more people are becoming aware of the health advantages of circumcision, notably in HIV prevention,” said the hospital’s Dr Odion Aire.

In some African communities, circumcision at initiation schools is a rite of passage to manhood and is sometimes characterised by medical complications. In the Eastern Cape, for example, an average of 50 deaths were reported a year since 2012 due to botched circumcisions.

In SA where almost 18% of the population is living with HIV, the government’s National Strategic Plan on HIV, STI’s and TB includes promoting male circumcision to decrease HIV infections.

Advantages of circumcision:

- Reduces the spread of viral STDs, HIV, herpes, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer

- Lowers the risk of developing penile cancer

- Reduces the risk of passing the virus that causes cervical cancer to female partners

Perceived disadvantages:

- Decrease of sexual stimulus
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Type 2 Diabetes And Heart Disease a Dangerous Combination

The reason heart disease and type 2 diabetes are linked is partly because obesity and problems such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels

Type 2 Diabetes And Heart Disease a Dangerous CombinationProspects for people with type 2 diabetes and heart disease may be grimmer than previously believed, researchers report.

"Type 2 diabetes accompanied by an acute coronary syndrome needs much more attention, especially in order to prevent yet another major cardiac event," said study leader Dr William White. He is a professor with the University of Connecticut Health Centre's Calhoun Cardiology Centre.

Type 2 Diabetes And Heart Disease a Dangerous Combination
The study included more than 5,300 people around the world with type 2 diabetes. Those admitted to the hospital for congestive heart failure had a 24 percent to 28 percent chance of dying within 18 months.

That's five times higher than the risk among those not hospitalised for a major heart problem, the researchers said.


The risk of heart disease is two to three times higher among people with type 2 diabetes than in the general population, the study authors pointed out.

In all future studies of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, heart failure outcomes should receive the same amount of scrutiny as stroke, heart attack and unstable angina, White said in a university news release.

The reason heart disease and type 2 diabetes are linked is partly because obesity and problems such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels contribute to both conditions.

But there are also concerns that some medications to control blood sugar in people with diabetes may also damage the heart, according to the researchers.

The study, to be presented Saturday at the American Diabetes Association's annual meeting in New Orleans, was also published online in the journal Diabetes Care.

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Experimental Migraine Drug Brings Fast Relief

New drugs block a chemical in the nervous system that causes inflammation and blood vessel dilation, spiking in the brain during migraine attacks

Experimental Migraine Drug Brings Fast Relief - An experimental drug may bring fast relief to people with debilitating chronic migraines, a new study finds.
Experimental Migraine Drug Brings Fast Relief

Quick action

Preliminary trials had already found that the drug dubbed TEV-48125 can help prevent migraine attacks in people who've suffered long-term with headaches.

Now, the new findings suggest that it starts working within three to seven days of the first injection, researchers reported.

"To my knowledge, that's the fastest separation ever demonstrated in chronic migraine," said lead researcher Dr Marcelo Bigal, of Teva Pharmaceuticals, the company developing TEV-48125.

The term "separation" refers to the point at which patients on TEV-48125 started to improve, compared to patients given a placebo (an inactive treatment).

TEV-48125 is one of a new class of drugs being developed to prevent migraines. The medications are all antibodies that block a chemical in the nervous system called CGRP. Research has found that CGRP causes inflammation and blood vessel dilation, and it spikes in the brain during migraine attacks.

Exciting findings

Dr Mark Green is professor of neurology and anaesthesiology at the Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, in New York City. "It appears that this antibody works quite quickly," said Green, who is also director of the Centre for Headache and Pain Medicine at Mount Sinai.

Green, who was not involved in the study, called the findings "exciting". That's in part because if CGRP-blockers make it to the market, they would be the first drugs specifically designed to prevent migraines.

About 12 percent of Americans suffer from migraines, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The headaches typically cause an intense throbbing pain on one side of the head, and sensitivity to light and sound. Some people have nausea, too.

Migraines are considered chronic when they strike at least 15 days out of the month, the study authors said.

Doctors prescribe various medications that can help prevent frequent migraines including certain blood pressure drugs, antidepressants and Botox injections. But, Green pointed out, all of those drugs were originally designed to treat other conditions. Over the years, doctors have found that they can also reduce migraines in some people.

Reanalysis of an early trial

And of those drugs, Botox is the only one that is actually approved for preventing migraines, Green said.

When Botox works, it typically takes two or three rounds of injections for patients to start seeing the benefit, according to Green. And those treatments are done at three-month intervals. So some patients give up on it, he said.

The oral medications used for migraine prevention kick in faster – typically four to six weeks. But they are also daily pills with potential side effects, such as weight gain, dizziness and fatigue (depending on the medication), Green said.

The new study findings come from a reanalysis of an early trial of TEV-48125. In that study, more than 250 patients with chronic migraine were randomly assigned to take monthly injections of the drug – at a higher or lower dose – or a placebo, for three months.

The original study found that patients on TEV-48125 saw a drop in the number of hours they had headache pain each month.


Few side effects

On average, the whole study group had 162 "headache hours" a month when it started the study. Three months later, that had dropped by 60 to 67 hours, on average, among patients on the new drug.

The new study found that the effects started as early as three days after the higher-dose injection, and seven days after the lower dose.

So far, Green said, there have been "no significant safety signals" with the drug. In the original study, the most common side effects were pain at the injection site and skin irritation.


But it's still early, Green stressed

Bigal said ongoing studies will keep looking at the drug's safety. "No treatment-related serious adverse events have been seen so far," he said.

If TEV-48125 or its competitors are approved, it's unlikely that patients will be put off by having to take a monthly injection, according to Green.

"These are people in chronic pain," he pointed out

But cost could be an obstacle: In general, antibody drugs like TEV-48125 are very expensive. So patients might find it difficult to get insurance coverage, Green said.

The study was published online in Neurology.

Read more : How to handle ramadhan headaches
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10 Facts You Should Know About Zika

Here are 10 points about Zika virus disease

10 Facts You Should Know About Zika - We’ve all seen the word “Zika” splashed across the headlines and most of us are aware that it has something to do with Brazil and babies with small heads. Many people, however, don't know what all the fuss is about, how it affects us and if we should be worried at all.
10 Facts You Should Know About Zika

Here are 10 facts about Zika:

1. The word “Zika” refers to a virus. The virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae and the name derives from the Zika forest in Uganda where it was isolated in 1947 in monkeys. It was identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and Tanzania.   

2. The Zika virus is spread to humans mainly through the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopticus mosquito. These are the mosquitoes that also spread the dengue and chikungunya viruses. They usually bite during the daytime. Zika virus infection can be confirmed by laboratory tests on body fluids like blood, urine, saliva or semen.

3. Before 2015, Zika outbreaks occurred in parts of Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands. It has since spread to Brazil and, according to the WHO, from 1 January 2007 to 6 April 2016, Zika virus transmission was documented in a total of 62 countries and territories. The virus is likely to continue spreading and it is difficult to predict where it will spread to and how long it will take.  

4. The symptoms of Zika virus disease are similar to dengue, and include:
Fever
Skin rashes
Conjunctivitis
Muscle and joint pain
Malaise
Headache
Symptoms tend to be mild and last for two days to a week. The incubation period is estimated to be a few days. There is currently no drug treatment or vaccine for Zika virus disease.

5. Known complications of of Zika virus disease, according to the WHO, are microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. There may be a link between the Zika virus and a number of neurological disorders. Microcephaly is a birth defect where babies’ heads are smaller than those of their peers. It is also associated with incomplete brain development. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a condition where the immune system attacks nerves, leading to muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis.

6. The Zika virus can also be transmitted:
From mother to child. A pregnant mother can pass the Zika virus to her foetus while she is pregnant.  
Through sexual contact. The virus can be spread by a man to his sex partners.
Through blood transfusion. There have been a large number of blood transfusion cases in Brazil and the virus has been found in blood donors in other countries.
Through laboratory exposure. There have been four reports of laboratory acquired Zika virus infections.

7. South Africa is not likely to be at risk of Zika, according to The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) – even though Zika virus disease is spreading explosively in the Americas. (The Zika virus tends to favour tropical regions.) Professor Lucille Blumberg, a deputy director at the NICD, however, warns that pregnant women should be careful about going abroad, especially to Brazil. 

8. Because Zika can be transferred though sexual intercourse, couples and individuals returning from Zika-affected areas should practise safe sex for at least eight weeks.

9. Zika is not the end of the world. Although it has been declared “a global public health emergency” by the WHO, as stated above, most people who contract Zika virus disease have very mild symptoms. The link between the Zika virus and microcephaly has also not been conclusively proven, only "strongly suspected".

10. There is definitely no need for the Olympics to be cancelled, postponed or moved. In response to the news that golfer Rory McIlroy withdrew from the Olympics over Zika fears, an expert said that only pregnant women and people planning a family need fear Zika.
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How to Handle Ramadan Headaches

Ramadan is a sacred, spiritual time for Muslims around the world but fasting can cause headaches. This is how you can prevent and manage headaches during this holy month


How to Handle Ramadan Headaches - Ramadan is a sacred time for Muslims worldwide. During this one-month period Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset.

Studies have shown that the religious practice of fasting (abstaining from eating, drinking or smoking) can often lead to mild or moderate headaches. Fortunately for those that get headaches during Ramadan, there are some ways to help prevent headaches during Ramadan.
How to Handle Ramadan Headaches
Research shows that Ramadan headache onset often occurs in the afternoon or evening just before the fast is broken. Headache frequency typically increases over the duration of fasting. Those prone to headaches at other times of the year are most likely to get a headache when fasting, but some patients who experience headaches during this time often have no previous history of headaches or migraines.

Dr. Elliot Shevel, South Africa’s migraine surgery pioneer and the medical director of The Headache Clinic, says headaches during fasting can occur as a result of a few factors such as low blood sugar, increased stress, and caffeine withdrawal.

The good news is that you can manage these headaches without breaking your fast.


1. Caffeine withdrawal

Caffeine withdrawal is a common cause of headache while fasting. “Patients can often prevent headaches by reducing caffeine consumption in the weeks leading up to their fast,” says Shevel. A cup of strong coffee just before the start of the fast each day may also prevent caffeine withdrawal headache.

2. Hypoglycaemia

Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) can also trigger headaches in many people. If a meal with high sugar content is taken before the fast begins, it can cause a rapid rise in blood sugar levels, followed by a fast drop that may trigger a headache, explains Shevel.

“Eating a meal with low sugar content before the fast may prevent the onset of a headache during the day.” Contact The Headache Clinic for a list of foods which have a low glycaemic index.

3. Dehydration

Dehydration is another common trigger and adequate intake of fluid before the onset of the fast can often prevent headaches.

“The human brain consists mostly of water, and it is very sensitive to the amount of water available to it. When the brain detects that the water supply is too low, it begins to produce histamines,” explains Shevel.

This is essentially a process of water rationing and conservation, in order to safeguard the brain in case the water shortage continues for a long period of time. The histamines directly cause pain and fatigue, in other words a headache and the low energy that usually accompanies it. Make sure to drink large amounts of water before starting your fast and when you end it.

Avoid triggers

“Patients should also, as far as possible, try to avoid exposure to other triggers such as stress, fatigue and lack of sleep during their fast, when there is a greater tendency to experience headache,” says Shevel. “Rest and sleep often help prevent being subjected to headaches and the pain often melts away when the fast is broken.”

When to call your doctor

If headaches are interfering with your fast, contact The Headache Clinic as we have a number of techniques to relieve you of your pain. This will allow you to continue your fast without having your focus be overtaken by persistent headaches. If headaches persist after the fast or are severe in nature, patients are advised to seek help from a medical professional. Shevel explains that headaches can be most successfully treated using a multidisciplinary approach, since no one medical specialization covers all the psychological and physical dimensions of severe headaches.
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Cat Bites May Lead To Serious Infections

When cats bite, their sharp teeth can inject hard-to-treat bacteria deeply into the skin and joints, increasing the risk of serious infection

Cat Bites May Lead To Serious Infections - Cat bites may look less serious than dog bites, but beware: They can cause dangerous infections, particularly when they involve the hand, new research indicates.

Although cats have no more germs in their mouths than dogs or people, researchers at the Mayo Clinic found that when cats bite, their sharp teeth can inject hard-to-treat bacteria deeply into the skin and joints, increasing the risk for serious infection.
Cat Bites May Lead To Serious Infections

Cats' teeth are sharp

"Dogs' teeth are blunter, so they don't tend to penetrate as deeply and they tend to leave a larger wound after they bite," study senior author Dr. Brian Carlsen, a Mayo Clinic plastic surgeon and orthopaedic hand surgeon, said in a clinic news release. "Cats' teeth are sharp and can penetrate very deeply. They can seed bacteria in the joint and tendon sheaths."

"It can be just a pinpoint bite mark that can cause a real problem," he said, "because the bacteria get into the tendon sheath or into the joint where they can grow with relative protection from the blood and immune system."

The researchers studied nearly 200 cat bite cases that occurred between 2009 and 2011. The patients involved in the study were all bitten on the hand. The average of the participants was 49 years old, and 69% were women.

About half the patients visited an emergency room, while the rest went to their primary-care physician. The average time people waited between getting bitten and seeking treatment was 27 hours.

Reconstructive surgery

The researchers said 57 of the patients who were bitten needed to be hospitalised, but only 36 had been admitted immediately after seeking medical treatment.

Of those admitted to the hospital, 38 patients needed surgery to clean the wound or remove infected tissue. The study, published in the Journal of Hand Surgery, also revealed that eight patients needed more than one surgical procedure, and some needed reconstructive surgery.

Meanwhile, 80% of the patients were initially prescribed oral antibiotics, the researchers said. For 14% of these patients, outpatient treatment with antibiotics didn't work and they needed to be hospitalised.

In most cases, bites that were positioned directly over the wrist or another joint were more likely to result in hospitalisation than bites to soft tissue, the researchers said.

Cat bites need to be taken seriously

Cat bites need to be taken seriously and carefully evaluated by doctors, the study authors said. This is particularly true when patients develop inflamed skin and swelling. In these cases, the researchers said, the wound should be treated aggressively.

"Cat bites look very benign, but – as we know and as the study shows – they are not," Carlsen said. "They can be very serious."
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There Are Many Things You Could Do To Avoid a Bad Hair Day

There Are Many Things You Could Do To Avoid a Bad Hair Day - Sandra’s hair took a knock during her pregnancy, Mike has thick hair which is the envy of many women (and men), while David is very worried about his receding hairline. He rather fancies himself as a ladies’ man, which is quite difficult to pull off if you're involuntarily bald at his age. And Margot’s hair has taken a fair battering over the years with perms and colourants.
There Are Many Things You Could Do To Avoid a Bad Hair Day
Whether you have long hair, short hair or very little hair, it needs care. Regular shampooing of hair and cleansing of the scalp is of course, essential. We have hair to provide some protection for the scalp and head against the sun and a few hard knocks. It also helps to insulate us against heat and cold.

Read More : Four Tips For Healthy Winter Hair


Read More : SA Women Depressed Over Early Hair Loss

A few things to remember:


Basic hair care starts with clean hair.
All hair is not created equal – some people have dry hair, others have oily hair and then there is quite a variety of combinations in between.
Too much washing can, however, damage the hair as it washes away the sebum, an oily substance that protects our hair and makes it shiny.
Good shampoos only remove excess oil.
Low ph shampoos should be used by women with dry, permed, damaged or straightened hair.
Anti-dandruff shampoos work, but they can be fairly harsh, so they should be used in conjunction with hair conditioner.
Don’t brush your hair too much. You could be adding to split ends.
Remember that a balanced diet containing proteins and vitamins is more important than expensive conditioners.

Read More : How Your Lifestyle Triggers Hair Loss
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